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Our data prioritize specific genotypes of swine H1N1 and H1N2 to further investigate in the risk they pose to the human population. Representative viruses from these three clades were further characterized in a pig-to-ferret transmission model and shown to exhibit variable transmission efficiency. However, swine IAV from three clades that represent more than 50% of the detected swine IAVs in the USA showed significant reduction in cross-reactivity compared to the closest CVV virus: 1A.1.1.3 (alpha-deletion), 1A.3.3.3-clade 3 (gamma), and 1B.2.2.1 (delta-1a).
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HI assays revealed that 1A.3.3.2 (pdm) and 1B.2.1 (delta-2) demonstrated strong cross reactivity to human seasonal vaccines or CVVs. We then characterized the representative swine IAV against human seasonal vaccine and CVV strains using ferret antisera in hemagglutination inhibition assays (HI). To assess the pandemic risk of contemporary US swine H1N1 or H1N2 strains, we quantified the genetic diversity of swine H1 HA genes, and identified representative strains from each circulating clade. To prepare for the potential of a future swine-origin IAV pandemic in humans, public health laboratories selected candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) for use as vaccine seed strains. However, repeated introduction of human-seasonal H1N1, continual reassortment between endemic swine IAV, and subsequent drift in the swine host resulted in highly diverse swine IAV with human-origin genes that may become a risk to the human population. The majority of zoonotic events with swine IAV were restricted to a single case with no subsequent transmission. Link to documents (articles, reports, etc.During the last decade, endemic swine H1 influenza A viruses (IAV) from six different genetic clades of the hemagglutinin gene caused zoonotic infections in humans. Paid version includes desktop application.Īccessible online and on your workstation.Ībility to directly export from the catalog and many databases
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Through the database Web of Science or ClarivateAnalytics Sign-Inįree for everyone, some features only available for UMD students, faculty, and staff. Review the handout on the left for more features to compare! This Citation Manager Comparison guide provides a quick reference to the following most used citation managers and can help you pick the tool that is most suited to your needs.
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How to Choose Reference Management Software
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The speakers touch on criteria such as collaboration, system compatibility, free vs. The following videos provide some tips on how to investigate and decide on the best bibliographic software for your needs. The University of Maryland subscribes to many tools that can make organizing your sources easier. Higher-level academic papers require you to use a lot of citations, and you can use citation management tools to make keeping track of your sources easier.Ī citation management tool is an online tool that allows you to store, organize, and export citations according to whatever style you need. Using bibliographic citation managers helps researchers create bibliographies or lists of references and easily format them in a wide variety of styles.Īs you write academic papers, you will need to use citations in order to give credit to other works you have used to support your argument, show background research, and provide a context to your studies. The software also facilitates the downloading of citations directly from the Web, online databases, and online library catalogs. EndNote Web, Zotero, etc.) help researchers keep track of their references for research papers, theses, dissertations, journal articles, publication lists, course reserve lists, or any other writing needs.